An Analysis o f Arabic Esl Students’ Past Participle Error Found in STAI Ali bin Abi Thalib Surabaya

This research examines past participle errors in students' writing term paper to identify their difficulties. The error analysis is part of an investigation into the English language learning process. The purpose of this research is to identify the types of error analysis and the most dominant types of error analysis in the use of past participle. The qualitative research was carried out to investigate errors in second language acquisition. The research concentrates on qualitative research, collecting empirical data from students' writing through document analysis. The method is used to collect accurate data. The research focuses on eleven undergraduates from Arabic Department STAI Ali bin Abi Thalib Surabaya. To obtain the results of this error analysis, the researcher investigates further using surface strategy taxonomy. It is restricted to the students' past participle error which consists of four error types: omission, addition, misformation, and misordering. At last, after identifying all of the data and analyzing the research findings, it can be summarized that the types of past participle errors produced by the students are (1) omission, which occurred 10 times or 66,67% of all, (2) addition, which occurred 4 times or 26,67% of all, (3) misformation, which occurred once or 6,66% of all, and (4) misordering error, which did not occur. According to the research findings, the most dominant type of past participle error is omission.


INTRODUCTION
English is applied as the essential international language to communicate.It is the second language or foreign language in this world that everyone who wants to communicate globally.Not only in the capability aspect of writing, reading, and listening but also in speaking aspect.It has to be comprehensively applied.Writing is one of productive skills in language learning.The writing activity is different from other activities.It is less spontaneous but more permanent since it takes much time and concentrated practice.In writing, there are a number of language aspects involved such as model texts, grammar, spelling-check, punctuation and prepositions.Harmer says that in grammar and vocabulary, there are issues of letter, word, and text formation, manifested by handwriting, spelling, and layout and punctuation' (Harmer, 2002).

Studying
English is intimately connected to the grammatical aspects (Kadiatmaja, 2021a).It means that every single aspect of English grammatical range needs to be studied in more detail to obtain a good skill and knowledge.
In 2020, the overview of the past participle elaborated in the Walden University channel simply states that the past participle (in regular verbs, this is formed by adding "-ed" to the end of the verb).The past participle is not only related to certain elaboration in grammatical aspects but also relevant to enhance the fundamental speaking acquisition skill and knowledge.The growth of the writing aspect in determining cases of both grammatical range and accuracy in Indonesia and the province of East Java, in particular, has stagnated.The contribution data from the past participle error analysis has shown that there is no elaboration in it.
In addition, the difficulties in applying the rules of the language in writing cause students make errors.Dulay states that 'an error is a noticeable deviation from the adult grammar of a native speaker' (Brown, 1994).It means that learners make errors because they lack knowledge of the rules of the target language.They may make the same errors at other times.Error is often considered as students' mistake in learning a language because the comprehension of that rules related to the student's ability.Selinker points out that 'when a student makes a mistake, it is not the fault of the teacher or the materials or even the students, but it is a natural part of a learning process' (Pranowo, 1996).People cannot learn language without systematically committing errors first.Errors which are made by learners contribute in understanding the process of foreign language acquisition.By seeing students' errors, the researcher attempts to collect information about students' errors in writing.(Dulay, Burt, and Krashen, 1982) define 'errors are the flawed side of learners' speech or writing.Seeing this, error can be recognized by looking at the learners' speech or writing work.
When learning something, especially learning a language, committing errors is something inevitable.(Richards, 1974) stated that errors analysis is the analysis and analysis of errors made by the second or foreign language learners.Based on the definition, it is known that errors analysis is necessary to conduct only for the errors made by the learners in learning second or foreign language.
Error analysis is also a way to investigate errors in the second or foreign language acquisition.
Errors analysis emphasizes 'the significance of errors in learners' interlanguage system' (Brown, 1994).Errors analysis is a type of linguistic analysis that focuses on the errors learners make as the research since it is grammatically more complete than speaking.In writing, the communication can be intelligible through the language itself.The past participle is a word that is derived from a verb, is either as an adjective or a construction of the verb tense, and most frequently end with -ed, -d,t, -en, or -n (Kadiatmaja, 2022).The consideration that the use of the past participle for language learners is a kind of problems that are crucial to be grammatically improved.In addition, the past participle is a fundamental aspect both in written and spoken English all students have to carefully comprehend.The surface strategy taxonomy is applied for the further classification.The use of past participle in sentences errors w ere limited to four classifications based on the surface taxonomy.They are omission, addition, misformation, and misordering.
To fill the research gap in both grammatical range and accuracy on the use of the past participle, and also based on several previous research studies that have found the influence of certain grammatical aspects.The novelty of this study is a variable innovation capability that allegedly acts as a meditating variable.Innovation is crucial for companies to face the challenges of competition in the current era of certainty (Iskandar 2016).Up to now, there has been no research that analyzes the past participle error in students' writing term papers, showing empirical research.
Its sample size and the external validity of the data would be beneficial in the field of teaching and learning English.
Since the analysis focuses on error analysis committed by the first semester students of English for Specific Purpose in leadership class, so the researcher will focus on the past participle.It is based on the consideration that the use of the past participle for language learners is a kind of problems that are crucial to be grammatically improved.In addition, the past participle is a fundamental aspect both in written and spoken English all students have to carefully comprehend.The surface strategy taxonomy is applied for the further classification.The use of past participle in sentences errors were limited to fo ur classifications based on the surface taxonomy.They are omission, addition, misformation, and misordering.
Finally, in terms of identifying the students difficulties and recognizing that the error analysis is part of an investigation into the English language learning process, the author states that the purpose of this research is to find out the type of error found in the first semester students' writing composition of the past participle and to find out the most dominant type of error found in the first semester students' writing composition of the past participle at STAI Ali bin Abi Thalib.

METHOD a. Research Method
In this research, document analysis is selected as the research method.(Best, 1959) states 'document analysis which is called content analysis is a kind of research method that deals with records or documents as the research data'.Referring to his statement, one purpose of document analysis is to analyse the types of errors in students' work.The qualitative method is applied to get the data collection.In addition, (Jacobs & Razavieh, 2002) state that document analysis 'focus more on analyzing and interpreting recorded materials within its own context.This research method was carried out to get the data on an error analysis in students' writing composition.(Alwasilah, 2002) states that one of the purposes of a qualitative method or analysis is to acquire descriptive data.It means that the description of the research data is in the form of words, not in the adequate amount.

b. Participant and Setting
This research was conducted at STAI Ali bin Abi Thalib Surabaya, the researcher's home institution, by focusing on first semester students writing composition of the past participle as the research respondents.The research data were taken from four leadership class.The researcher took eleven random students' writing term paper due to the fact that they were still in the starting-out degree of learning so they will be more enthusiastic to learn English and be more accessible to correction and pay attention to the errors they made.The errors they committed will assist them to greater learning and understanding of English.

c. Data Collecting Technique
collect the data.The data collection is taken from students' final test composed as the written test.
Writing comprehension is applied to get and detect the students' errors in writing composition of the past participle.The researcher investigates the data collection of the past participle by taking from sixteen students' writing composition as the object of the research, examining the students' errors in the past participle, explaining the steps to conduct the written test, informing the duration of the test to the students, and lastly gathering the whole students' writing composition to discuss.

d. Technique of Analyzing Data
Some steps are applied to analyze data by using a written test.Meanwhile, the complete process of the data analysis technique can be identified; first, the researcher asks the students to do a writing test, and to accomplish it based on the similar provided topic.Then, after having finished their writing, the student's writing composition are collected.Each of the sentences containing of the the past participle is classified by putting on the table and given note whether the data are correct or wrong.If the data wrong, it will be given a short description and the correction.Next, the data are identified by knowing and choosing the types of errors that frequently appear in the student's writing composition.The following steps are classifying the sentence errors that are found into some types of errors.The researcher uses the theory of c stating four type error in writing namely omission, addition, misformation, and misordering to analyze and correct the incorrect passive sentences based on the correct grammatical of passive sentence formula.Moreover, all errors sentences for each type are counted in order to find the most dominant errors students produced.The data are then tabulated by applying a statistic pattern to find out the percentage number of students' error in their writing composition, as follows: P = F/N x 100% [Where: P is for percentage number; F is for frequency of error; and N is for the number of error analysis].The last step, the researcher formulates data interpretation and the conclusion after accomplishing data analysis process.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The researcher will present the findings of the document analysis, which will address the research's two problem formulations in the chapter.Furthermore, the findings of grammatical errors produced by students in their writing composition focusing on past participle are discussed in this research by presenting five primary sections.After calculating and identifying the sentences of the students, the researcher identified several facts.The findings show that 11 students used the past participle in 15 phrases.Only a past participle in the present perfect tense was found.The proportion for this group is 6.66%.
Moreover, it is the least often used past participle.
A total of seven past participles, or around 46,67% of all sentences, were found by the researcher to be adjectives.Furthermore, the past participle was effectively used as an adjective in 7 instances.Another truth is that the past participle is most frequently used in sentences as an adjective.As a result, this second category dominated the students' writing works.
Also, the researcher discovered 3 past participles or 20% of all sentences in participial phrases and 4 past participles or 26,67% of all sentences in passive voice.

Classification According to the Types of Errors
After counting and reporting the total number of instances of the use of the past participle, the researcher continues to categorize sentences into each sort of error known as omission, addition, misformation, and misordering.
An omission is a type of error which is characterized by the absence of an item that must appear in a well-formed utterance.If there is an item in a sentence which is absent and making an unwell -formed utterance, it can be stated as omission (Dulay et al, 1982).In addition, (Dulay et al, 1982) explains that addition errors are defined by the presence of an item which must not appear in a well-formed utterance (Dulay et all, 1982)  to addition.This addition error occurred four times, accounting for 26,67% of all errors in the data.In addition, the analysis found that other forms of errors followed omission and addition errors in importance.Those are misformations, those mistakes.Only one misformation error, or 6.66 percent of all errors, happened.Although there are three types of misformation errors, including regularizations (no error), Archi-form (one time error), and alternating form (no error), it is students' least common error.And then, Misordering error did not appear as the error.The research provides the data above to elaborate the practical implication.
As the framework, the researcher elaborates theories to answer the formulated research questions.This research is discussing the errors of the students writing focusing on the past participle.Theory of the past participle from (Azar, 1999) is used to analyze some errors which were committed by the students.In answering the first and second research problem, the researcher used the theory types of error from (Dulay, Burt, and Krashen, 1982).Those are omission, addition, misformation, and misordering.Those four types of errors were applied to analyze errors students commit in their writing.
The errors were classified into surface strategy taxonomy due to this category has an important role in finding the errors analysis question.As (James, 1998) emphasized that the descriptive categorize need to be specific and elaborated upon with maximum care while utilizing surface structure taxonomy.In addition, Corder states 'surface strategy taxonomy is a superficial of error classification used as a starting point for systematic analysis' (Corder, 1981), thus the surface strategy taxonomy is applied in the research as a starting point in the description of errors.The omission error occurs five times.There was no evidence of misformation or misodering error.The addition error then appears two times.Furthermore, two types of past participle errors as an adjective committed by students will be thoroughly discussed.The errors could be observed as follows.

Omission
In line with the table analysis, the most common errors made by students were omissions.There are 5 instances omission errors of past participle as an adjective.The sentences that follow are randomly selected from the results of omissions on students' sentence errors.
7. * The forming stages of team development is period of orientation and getting acquantied.
10.b. * The world has became so fast, interconected and complex.
11.*You can written or commucation electronic form.
Those sentences are classified as omission errors based on the above past participle.The students omitted the important points that should have been included in the sentence.As a result, the omission leads to ill-formed sentences.
(1) The omission occurred once in the first composition.The error case (7) was in the linking verb combined with the word 'acquantied' as an adjective.A past participle used as an adjective should be properly spelled.The pattern is Subject + linking (verb) + past participle (as an adjective).The word acquantied should be acquaintied.
In accordance with the case (10.b), it recognizes the past participle as an adjective.
Students should pay close attention to spelling when composing an appropriate sentence involving the past participle as an adjective.As a result, the adjective should be appropriate.
The word interconected should be interconnected.
In the similar case of the next finding (11), the student omitted the verb (for examle) "(to) use"-the use of past participle as an adjective applied in the sentence which used modal auxiliariy.Although the sentence is still clear, it is grammatically incorrect.The possible correction of those sentences can be observed as follows.
7. *The forming stages of team development is period of orientation and getting acquaintied.
10.b. * The world has became so fast, interconnected and complex.
11. * You can use written or electronic form.

Addition
The second most common type of error made by students was the addition error.As previously discussed, omission error occurs when one or more items in a sentence are omitted.
As a result, it can be identified as an incorrect sentence.In contrast, addition errors are defined as "the presence of an item that must not appear in a well-formed utterance" (Dulay et. Al, 1982).After analyzing the data, some addition error made by the students were found.The next step that appeared in the students' writing compositions or documents to be discussed was addition error.There were two instances of addition errors when using the past participle as an adjective.There are three types of addition errors: double marking, regularizations, and simple addition.
The research found no regularization errors, a time of double marking errors, and a time of simple additions while analyzing addition error categories.The researcher only discussed the random addition error categories.Appendix B contains detailed instructions for investigating the other details of addition errors and testing all possible corrections.The following sentences demonstrate two types of addition mistakes.Those two sentences are gramatically incorrect.In line with the first sentences (10.c), the verb "un-expected" applied by the student in the sentence is an incorrect past participle.
In accordance with the form of past participle as an adjective, the correct past participle as an The past participle error in passive presented below was based on the data findings.The errors could be observed as follows.According to sentence (5), the punctuation comma used before the word 'are given' in the sentence is an incorrect form.It does not need a punctuation after putting the subject to create a passive form.Thus, the use of a comma as a punctuation mark is initially identified as an addition error referring to double marking.The sentence is grammatically incorrect.The sentence can be corrected as follows.
5. *One goal for today global organisation is to ensure that all employees and customers are given equal opportunities.

Misformation
The From the above-mentioned error sentences, it can be observed that those sentences were grammatically incorrect.In line with the first (8.b), the student put the incorrect be-form in the sentence structure.Before inserting the past participle, the student must comprehend the correct grammatical range.The fundamental pattern is the use of be-form verb and the subject.
They should be connected and relevant.It means that when the subject is in singular, the verb must be in singular form.When the subject is in plural, the verb should be in plural form.
Whereas, when there is no connection between subject and the verb, the sentence can be catagorized Archi forms errors.The following sentence below is the possible correction of the above misformation error sentences.
8.b. * The female manager is typically rated higher.

CONCLUSIONS
Based on the type of past participle error and the recognition of the most prevalent type of error found in the students' term paper, the conclusion can be initially drawn by addressing the various types of past participle usage errors.The second one then addresses the most common type of past participle error found in students' term papers.Based on those four types of past participle errors, omission errors occurred 10 times, or 66,67% of all errors; addition errors occurred 4 times, or 26,67% of all errors; misformation errors occurred 1 time, or 6,66% of all errors; and misordering errors did not occur.It can be inferred that the omission error was the most common or dominant past participle error that occurred in the students' term paper.Based on the data findings, students tend to make omission and addition errors when using the past participle.Although a misformation error appeared in the data, it was less common than omission and addition errors.The misformation had the fewest errors of all.The usage of the past participle for language learners is a grammatical issue that must be addressed as a crucial implication of English learning.So, the past participle is an important feature of both written and spoken English that all students must understand

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.The Distribution of Students' Past participle Error on Surface Strategy Taxonomy b. Types of Past Participle Errors in Perfect Tense After identifying and categorizing the sentences, Dulay's theory was used to analyze and categorize the errors made by 11 students.The idea outlined in the previous chapter asserts that there are four different sorts of errors that correspond to data analysis.Based on (PRACTICAL ENGLISH , 2018), one of the function of present perfect the writer stated is that to express the repetition of an activity before now.The following table shows how many past participle errors in perfect tense were.The Number of Past participle Errors in perfect tense The Usage of Past participle Past Participle Types of Errors in perfect tense O A MF MO Published by STAI Ali bin Abi Talib Surabaya Journal website: https://jurnal.stai-ali.ac.id/index.php/AlfawaidDOI Journal : https://doi.org/10.54214/alfawaid10After analyzing and classifying the types of past participle errors as an adjective, the types of past participle errors as an adjective made by 11 students are also analyzed and classified using Dulay's theory.Omission, addition, misformation, and misordering are the four types of errors discussed previously.Adjectives are used in place of adverbs, and adjectives have only one job: they describe noun or pronoun(LONGMAN, 2001).Nonetheless, the number of past participle errors as an adjective observed in the following table could only be divided into two types: 10.c.* The un-expected event's hapen more frequently (Double Marking Error) 10.d.* To prepared leader's can develop four skills.(Simple Addition Error) Published by STAI Ali bin Abi Talib Surabaya Journal website: https://jurnal.stai-ali.ac.id/index.php/AlfawaidDOI Journal : https://doi.org/10.54214/alfawaid13 the omission leads to ill-formed sentences.The omission occurred only once in the first composition.The error case (1) was a lack of a dependent clause that should have been connected to an independent clause.Participial phrases are typically used after a noun.They are actually reduced (shortened) relative clauses.So, a shortened relative clause should be applied instead of composing * Strategy can be difined' to the correct use of participial phrase.According to case (9), it recognizes the past participle in participial phrases.When composing sentences involving the past participle in participial phrases, students should pay close attention to the correct use of clause.As a result, a reduced clause can be used to be more intelligible.Although the sentences are still understandable, they are grammatically incorrect.The following are some possible corrections to those sentences.1. * Strategy defined is the general plan of action.. 9. * They can influence decisions made.e.Types of Past Participle Errors in Passive VoiceThe last usage of past participle to identify and to classify is the types of past participle errors in passive voice.Based on the data produced by 11 students, there was three type of error in the analysis.They are ommision, addition, and misformation error that will be discussed and classified based on Dulay's theory.There are four types of errors dealing with the data analysis, but the researcher will focus on the type of errors appeared.Based on(Kadiatmaja, 2021b) stated that the passive sentence construction should consist of a subject and the appropriate passive modal (auxiliary) verb form as the underlying Passive Voice form (subject + modal aux.+ be + past participle).It means that it is crucial to comprehend the essential formula of passive voice inside out.The past participle errors in passive could be observed in the following table.The Number of Past Participle Errors in Passive Voice The Usage of Past participle Types of Past Participle Errors in Passive O error of misformation was the next type of past participle in passive errors committed by students.An appropriate morpheme or structure should be used in a sentence to be effective.The misformation error occurs a time.It can be detected if the sentence lacks the correct morpheme or structure.It has three catagories: Regularization errors, Archi-forms, alternating forms.8.b. * the female manager are typically rated higher.(Misformation: Archi forms error) Data Findings of Past participle Usage 1.The Total Number of the Sentences As in each document, there are various types of sentences and past participle usage.The researcher identifies all sentences that contained (1) past participle in perfect tenses, (2) past participle as an adjective, (3) past participle in participial phrases, and (4) passive voice.Furthermore, all students' sentences in every single document that will be examined are counted.This table of analysis shows the number of sentences committed by students.The table includes every instance of the past participle.These are past participle in perfect tenses, past participle as an adjective, past participle in participial phrases, and passive voice.
Those are data findings of Past Participle usage, types of past participle errors in the Perfect Tense, as adjective, in Participial Phrases, and in Passive Voice.Published by STAI Ali bin Abi Talib Surabaya Journal website: https://jurnal.stai-ali.ac.id/index.php/AlfawaidDOI Journal : https://doi.org/10.54214/alfawaid6 a.
. Moreover, Misformation errors are characterized by the use of the wrong form of the morphemes or structure.It is occured when the learner supplies something although it is incorrect.Finally, Misordering errors are characterized by the incorrect placement of a morpheme or group of morphemes in an utterance.The morphemes do not take place in where it should be.The accompanying table and diagram analysis allowed for a clear analysis of the results.The Frequency and Percentage of Past participle Types of Error in Surface Strategy One goal for todays global organisation is to ensure that all employees and customers, are given equal opportunities.(Double Marking Error) Published by STAI Ali bin Abi Talib Surabaya Journal website: https://jurnal.stai-ali.ac.id/index.php/AlfawaidDOI Journal : https://doi.org/10.54214/alfawaid15 5. *